Shryock Monaka Bastin, Y. This can be shown by calculating the average rate of pressure change over this phase of the click, which is 14.4 hPa/ms for post-alveolars, 7.9 for dentals, and 4.2 hPa/ms for laterals. ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. Pholia A. shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. Hinnebusch Mabuta . Typically, studies of intonation in Bantu languages tend to look at F0 and duration; measures of intensity and spectral tilt are less often used to identify prosodic cues (Zerbian & Barnard 2008). (1992) Kinyamwezi: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. Expansion of the closed cavity causes the pressure in the air inside the space to be reduced well below that of the air outside the mouth. This process does not result in double articulations that are almost totally overlapped, as in labial-velars, but sequential articulations which are overlapped either not at all or no more than is typical of sequences such as /tk/ or /pk/ in English words like fruitcake or hopkiln. On the other hand, it does produce rather unusual consonant sequences in onset positions. Velarised diphthongs occur in Aghem, a Grassfields Bantu languages of the Ring group, where they have seemingly resulted from an intrusive consonantal gesture (Faytak 2013). Although lip positions have not been reported for Tshwa S51, the acoustic findings are similar to those in Tsonga S53 in that the whistling fricatives have narrower spectral peak bandwidths and lower spectral peak frequencies when compared to their non-whistled fricative counterparts (Shosted 2006). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Tswana S31 has a voiceless uvular affricate and voiceless uvular fricative (Bennett et al. The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages . Fry, C. & Stanford: CSLI Publications. (eds. Louw, J. Lodhi Sanders PDF To appear in The Oxford Guide to the Bantu Languages DOI link for The Bantu Languages of Africa. N. C. Downing, L. J. Dogil, G. (eds. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2009), 22792282. Chen, Y. Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. Focus and emphasis are associated with pitch raising in Mwiini G412 (Kisseberth 2016), but this seems to be the exception rather than the rule in Bantu. (2011) All Depressors Are Not Alike: A Comparison of Shanghai Chinese and Zulu. van der Hulst, H. G. Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. 36(2): 193232. Kim, S.-A. Boyd, V. L. Y. & Prieto Elderkin (2014) How to Study a Tone Language, with Exemplification from Oku (Grassfields Bantu, Cameroon). Louwrens 2: 6697. due to male/female differences in formant range. & The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, 129140. and 60(2): 7197. Vers une reconstruction du proto-A80. Aborobongui Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. This term was originally applied to consonants which have a particularly salient lowering effect on the pitch of the voice in their neighbourhood (Lanham 1958). , Bantu language family into 15 zones which he numbered alphabetically from A in the north-west to S in the south-east, omitting the letters I, J, O and Q in his . Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. F. Kawahara A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. & Figure 3.13 Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. 9(1): 3034. Africana Linguistica Figure 3.21 Impressionistically, there appear to be no differences in vowel quality between pairs that differ in length in the two languages. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? Goedemans Tswa S51 may be one such case, as the last attestation was by Persson (1932). Harnsberger & (1993) Phonetics of Partially Nasal Consonants. , Muniru The relationship between the seven vowels of Vove B305 is notably different, as demonstrated in T. Following Traill et al. E. De Blois, K. F. (1997) Essai sur la phonologie panchronique des parlers fang du Gabon et ses implications historiques. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Nyamwezi F22 vowel formant means according to measurements by the first author. Rialland & ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. A. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Demolin et al. (2011) Grounded Constraints and the Consonants of Setswana. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. & Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research Clicks in the South-East cluster were borrowed from Khoe and possibly also from Taa and Kxa languages into Nguni S40 (Louw 2013, Pakendorf et al. 31: 111137. (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. I. Beddor, P. S. Downing Figure 3.9 Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African Muravjeva 11(2): 206223. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. Hubbard (1994, 1995) also compared the durations of vowels in three further languages with different patterns. S. Figure 3.20 Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). Premire Partie: Grammaires Soubiya et Louyi. (eds. (2011) Corrected High Frame Rate Anchored Ultrasound with Software Alignment. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. Other major languages of the group, each with 10 million speakers or more, . to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. Fridjhon (eds. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf. In M. A variety of tonal systems are found in Bantu languages; tone may carry a lexical or grammatical function. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. & E. Belgian Journal of Linguistics ] and to be invariably long. , Print ISBN: 9781138799677 Gunnink, H. Sands, B. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies & Kerford In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. & (eds. The second click also has a velar closure. (2015) Illustrations of the IPA: Bemba. B. Hyman, L. M. & I: 2732. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. In Lindemann Bantu languages are known for their highly developed tense, aspect (and mood) systems. Note that the back of the mouth is found on the left side of an ultrasound image, but on the right side of an MRI image. . She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Kuperus, J. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. Volume 1: Phonologie. (1954) The Southern Bantu Languages. Exter . Figure 3.15 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Most of the languages have relatively limited sets of fricatives of the cross-linguistically common types, although lateral fricatives (and affricates) have developed in or been borrowed into a number of the southern languages, such as Sotho-Tswana S30, Xhosa S41 and Zulu S42. It is noteworthy that none of the Bantu languages of East Africa appear to have acquired clicks from the surviving or former languages of this area with clicks (Maddieson et al. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. K. B. Nande . Older accounts of Southern Sotho S33 describe both post-alveolar or sub-laminal retroflex articulations (Doke 1923: 713, 1926: 301). PDF School of Oriental and African Studies Cambridge University Press Heerbaart also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). Voen 45(1): 6169. In & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. High tone is generally the phonologically marked tone, with Low tone being unmarked (Stevick 1969, Downing 2011) (see also Chapter 5). Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. Phonetica , Doke, C. M. N. M. & P. J. , K. ), Namibian Languages. Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Hubbard, K. C. J. Roux, J. C. Tlale, O. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). There is much work that remains to be done on cross-linguistic, intra- and inter-speaker variation of typologically unusual sounds such as clicks and whistling fricatives. Undoubtedly, studies of intonation and prosody in Bantu languages will continue to increase in number. Languages of the North-West, the Eastern coastal area and the South-East often have at least one implosive, most frequently a bilabial, but implosives are generally absent in the languages of the Congo basin and the South-West. A. The next lower vowels are markedly lower. Zsiga (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. P. Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. | Contact us | Help & FAQs Figure 3.21 The Xhosa S41 voiced clicks are breathy or slack voiced (Jessen & Roux 2002) and may even be devoiced (Maphalala et al. C. The [-ATR] high Elderkin The Bantu Languages, 2019. Post-nasal stops are devoiced in Kgalagari S311 (Sol et al. South African Journal of African Languages Van de Velde and . (eds. & Belo Horizonte: CEFALA. Top row, front vowels /i/, /e/, //; bottom row, back vowels /u/, /o/, //. A vertical white dotted line has been added to facilitate comparison between the two images. A.-M. MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New Sands M. I. & (eds. The classification is primarily linguistic, for the cultural patterns of Bantu speakers are extremely diverse; the linguistic connection, however, has given rise to . South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Pp. For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). *CVCV items have become monosyllabic in Fang, the V2 in these cases is often not the *V2 of the reconstructed form. Martin ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 533543. Renaud, P. Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. Scott & Mumba & Schwartz, J.-L. Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. (2016) Tone and Intonation in Shingazidja. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition. Figure 3.29 Sands It has since sometimes come to be used for any consonant which has any local lowering effect on pitch or, more accurately, on the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration, abbreviated F0, such as an ordinary voiced plosive. Labial flaps reportedly occur in various Southern Bantu languages, such as Nyanja N31a, Korekore S11, Manyika S13, Ndau S15 and Kalanga S16, and they may contrast with the labio-dental approximant // in the Zezuru S12 variety of Shona (Olson & Hajek 1999). R. A. Rialland R. It is accompanied by a separate map in which the Bantu languages are numbered in accordance with the system described in the fourth section. Hyman, L. M. There is no overlap in the closures for the two segments, except optionally in the case of the nasal sequence /m/. & London: Gregg. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. A. (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. 121(15): 21202152. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press. Manuel, S. Y. Probert Note particularly the slope of a line connecting the back vowels which points roughly to the position of the central vowel /a/, similar to that seen in Batibo, H. M. J. C. Bostoen, K. (eds.) Figure 3.6 Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. Namaseb (1995) Toward a Theory of Phonological and Phonetic Timing: Evidence from Bantu. Phonology For an ordinary pulmonic stop, peak pressure behind the closure ranges between about 5 and 20 hPa, depending on the loudness of the voice. Sands & 31(1): 149. A.-M. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of (eds. 13: 83129. & , Boyer, O. In Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Figure 3.8 Journal of the International Phonetic Association By continuing to use the site Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Guthrie, M. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. K. C. Pholia Figure 3.2 & (2016) How Intonations Interact with Tones in Embosi (Bantu C25), a Two-Tone Language Without Downdrift. van Zanten ), Proceedings of Laboratory Phonology 9, 643656. We may now revisit the Kalanga S16 and Vove B305 high vowels in & The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. Ngcobo Ondo Austin: University of Texas, PhD dissertation.
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